Chemical Equations
Molecular Equations
Write word equations for given chemical reactions
Write formula equations using chemical symbols
Balance chemical equations
Ionic Equations
Differentiate between molecular equations and ionic equations
Write balanced ionic equations
Hardness Of Water
The Concept of Hardness of Water
Explain the concept of hardness of water
State causes of permanent and temporary hardness in water
Types of Hardness of Water
Identify types of hardness of water
Differentiate soft from hard water
Treatment and Purification of Hard Water
Examine process of hard water treatment and purification
Describe the importance of hard water treatment and purification
State the importance of hard water in daily life
Acids, Bases And Salts
Acids and Bases
Investigate the natural sources of acids and bases
Determine the reactions of acids with various materials
Determine the reactions of alkalis with various materials
Determine the reactions of bases with various substances
Applications of acid-base neutralization in everyday life
Indicators
Explain an indicator from locally available materials
Test the acidity and alkalinity of substance using indicators
Describe the concept of an indicator
Salts
Investigate the natural source of salts in daily life
Analyse the solubility of different salts in the laboratory
Prepare salts in the laboratory
Examine the effects of heat on salts
Explain the uses of different types of salts in everyday life
The Mole Concept And Related Calculations
The Mole as a Unit of Measurement
Compare the mole with other units of measurements
Measure molar quantities of different substances
Application of the Mole Concept
Convert known masses of elements, molecules or ions to moles
Convert known volumes of gases at S.T.P to moles
Change masses of solids or volumes of known gases to actual number of parties
Prepare molar solutions of various soluble substances
Perform calculations based on the mole concept
Volumetric Analysis
Standard Volumetric Apparatus
Explain the concept of volumetric analysis
Standard Solutions
Explain the steps for preparation of standard solutions of common acids
Prepare standard solutions of bases
Carry out acid-base titration experiments
Volumteric Calculations
Standardize common mineral acids
Find the relative atomic mass of unknown element in an acid or alkali
Calculate the percentage purity of an acid or an alkali
Find the number of molecules of water of crystallization of a substance
Application of Volumetric Analysis
Explain the application of volumetric analysis in real life situations
Compare industrial and laboratory skills of volumetric analysis
Ionic Theory And Electrolysis
Ionic Theory
Distinguish electrolytes from non-electrolytes
Categorize weak and strong electrolytes
The Mechanisms of Electrolysis
Set up electrolytic cells of different electrolytes in the molten and aqueous states
Explain ionic migrations during electrolysis and the preferential discharge of ions at the electrodes
Perform experiments to identify the products of electrolysis when different electrolytes are used
Perform experiments to identify the products of electrolysis when different electrodes are used
Laws of Electrolysis
Carry out experiments to relate masses liberated and quantity of electricity passed
Carry out an experiment to verify Faraday’s First Law of Electrolysis
Carry out an experiment to verify Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolysis
Relate the chemical equivalents of elements and quantity of electricity passed
Application of Electrolysis
Outline the industrial purification of copper by electrolysis
Carry out an experiment on electroplating of metallic materials
Chemical Kinetics, Equilibrium And Energetics
The Rate of Chemical Reactions
Compare the rates of chemical reactions
Perform experiments to measure the rates of chemical reactions
Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Reactions
Describe the effect of concentration on the rate of a reaction
Demonstrate the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction
Show the effect of surface area of a solid on the rate of a reaction
Demonstrate the effect of catalyst on the rate of a reaction
Reversible and Irreversible Reactions
Compare reversible and irreversible reactions
Describe the concept of reversible and irreversible reactions
Equilibrium Reactions
Differentiate equilibrium reactions from simple reversible reactions
Describe two equilibrium reactions of industrial importance
Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction
Explain the concept of endothermic and exothermic reactions
Draw energy level diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions
Extractions Of Metals
Occurrence and Location of Metals in Tanzania
Identify locations of important metal ores in Tanzania
Compare the abundances of metals in the earth’s crust
Chemical Properties of Metals
Differentiate the physical and chemical strengths of metals
Compare the reducing Power of different metals
Extraction of Metals by Electrolytic Reduction
Outline the criteria for the choice of the best methods of extracting a metal from its ore
Explain the extraction of sodium from its ore
Extraction of Metals by Chemical Reduction
Describe the extraction of iron from its ore
Environmental Consideration
Identify environmental destruction caused by extraction of metals
Suggest intervention measures to rectify environmental destruction
Compounds Of Metals
Oxides
Prepare oxides of some metals by direct and indirect methods
Demonstrate the reactions of metal oxides with water and dilute acids
Explain the uses of metal oxides
Hydroxides
Prepare hydroxides of some metals by direct and indirect methods
Classify metal hydroxides
Explain the chemical properties of metal hydroxides
Describe the uses of metal hydroxides
Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates
Prepare metal carbonate and hydrogen carbonates by different methods
Classify metal carbonates
Analyse the chemical properties of metal carbonates
Describe the uses of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates
Nitrates
Explain the chemical properties of metal nitrates
Explain the uses of metal nitrates
Chlorides
Prepare metal chlorides by direct and indirect methods
Explain the chemical properties of metal chlorides
Explain the uses of metal chloride
Sulphates
Prepare soluble and insoluble sulphates
Explain chemical properties of sulphates
Describe uses of sulphates
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